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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2226-5988</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2686-6749</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and Experimental Morphology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ООО "Группа МДВ"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31088/cem2023.12.2.69-76</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Остеоинтегративные свойства имплантатов из титанового сплава с различным диаметром пор в эксперименте</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Osseointegration properties of titanium implants with different pore diameters: experimental study</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Орлинская</surname>
            <given-names>Наталья Юрьевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Орлинская</surname>
              <given-names>Наталья Юрьевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Orlinskaya</surname>
              <given-names>Natalia Yu.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>norlinskaya@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2896-2968</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Герасимов</surname>
            <given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Герасимов</surname>
              <given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Gerasimov</surname>
              <given-names>Sergey A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3179-9770</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Алейник</surname>
            <given-names>Диана Яковлевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Алейник</surname>
              <given-names>Диана Яковлевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Aleynik</surname>
              <given-names>Diana Ya.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1482-4281</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Захарова</surname>
            <given-names>Дарья Валерьевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Захарова</surname>
              <given-names>Дарья Валерьевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zakharova</surname>
              <given-names>Daria V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2654-911X</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Кулакова</surname>
            <given-names>Ксения Владимировна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кулакова</surname>
              <given-names>Ксения Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kulakova</surname>
              <given-names>Kseniia V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8529-1326</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Чарыкова</surname>
            <given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Чарыкова</surname>
              <given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Charykova</surname>
              <given-names>Irina N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0866-7857</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Морозова</surname>
            <given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Морозова</surname>
              <given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Morozova</surname>
              <given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7548-9398</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет Минздрава России (Нижний Новгород, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky Research Medical University (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-19">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>12</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>69</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2022-06-29">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Введение. Аддитивные технологии позволяют создать имплантаты для замещения костных дефектов разной формы со сложной пористой структурой. Тем не менее остается актуальным вопрос об оптимальных параметрах пористой структуры. Цель исследования – изучить биосовместимость имплантатов, изготовленных из титанового сплава, с различным диаметром пор в эксперименте. Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось в два этапа. Первый этап – исследование in vitro – на тестовых культурах диплоидных фибробластов человека для оценки цитотоксичности титанового сплава, из которого были изготовлены образцы для постановки второго этапа in vivo. Исследование in vivo велось на трех группах кроликов (n=18), которым устанавливали образцы разработанных имплантатов. Средний возраст особей составил 7±1 месяц, вес – 4675±258 граммов. Все образцы имели диаметр 4 мм и высоту 6 мм. В группе 1 размер пор составил 100 мкм, в группе 2 – 200 мкм, в группе 3 – 400 мкм, пористость – 55, 62, 70%, соответственно. Выведение животных из эксперимента осуществляли на 90-е сутки с момента установки образцов. Затем сделаны гистологическое, морфологическое и электронномикроскопическое исследования для оценки остеоинтегративных свойств имплантатов. Результаты. В исследовании in vitro не было обнаружено токсического воздействия материала на тестовую культуру. В исследовании in vivo результаты гистологического анализа не выявили воспалительного процесса в переимплантных тканях во всех трех группах. По данным морфологического исследования новообразованная ткань в области сформированного дефекта состояла из молодых костных трабекул с расположенными на их поверхности остеобластами. В группе 3 выявлена наибольшая распространенность зрелых костных трабекул по сравнению с группами 1 и 2. У образцов с диаметром пор 400 мкм выявлена более высокая площадь заполнения имплантата новообразованной костной тканью. Заключение. Самыми высокими остеоинтегративными свойства обладают образцы с диаметром пор 400 мкм.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Introduction. Additive technologies make it possible to create implants to replace bone defects. Determining the optimal parameters of a porous structure remains an urgent issue. The experimental research aimed to study the biocompatibility of implants made of titanium alloy with different pore diameters. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in two stages. The first stage included an in vitro study carried out on test cultures of diploid human fibroblasts to assess the cytotoxicity of the titanium alloy, from which samples were made for the second stage in vivo. The in vivo study was performed on three groups of rabbits (n=18), which received samples of the developed implants. The average age of subjects was 7±1 months, the weight being 4.675±258 g. All samples were 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm high. In group 1, the pore size was 100 μm; in group 2 – 200 μm; and in group 3 – 400 μm; the porosity was 55%, 62%, and 70%, respectively. The animals were sacrificed on day 90 after placement of the samples. Histological, morphological, and electron microscopic studies were performed to assess the osseointegrative properties of the implants. Results. In the in vitro study, we detected no toxic effects of the material on the test culture. In the in vivo study, the histological analysis did not reveal inflammation in peri-implant tissues in any of the groups. The morphological study showed a newly formed tissue in the area of the formed defect which consisted of young bone trabeculae with osteoblasts located on their surface. In group 3, we found the greatest prevalence of mature bone trabeculae. The samples with a 400-μm pore diameter revealed the largest area of filling the implant with newly formed bone tissue. Conclusion. Samples with a pore diameter of 400 μm have the highest osteointegrative properties.  Keywords: osteointegration, biocompatibility, titanium implants, additive technologies, 3D-printing</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>остеоинтеграция</kwd>
        <kwd>биосовместимость</kwd>
        <kwd>титановые имплантаты</kwd>
        <kwd>аддитивные технологии</kwd>
        <kwd>3D печать</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>osteointegration</kwd>
        <kwd>biocompatibility</kwd>
        <kwd>titanium implants</kwd>
        <kwd>additive technologies</kwd>
        <kwd>3D-printing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания Приволжского исследовательского медицинского университета Минздрава России (№ 121030100312-0).</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of State Assignment to Privolzhsky Research Medical University (No. 121030100312-0).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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