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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2226-5988</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2686-6749</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and Experimental Morphology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ООО "Группа МДВ"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31088/cem2026.15.3.34-47</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Оценка воспалительной реакции и митофагии в моноцитах, THP-1, гладкомышечных клетках и фибробластах</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Assessment of inflammatory response and mitophagy in monocytes, THP-1 cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Верхова</surname>
            <given-names>Светлана Сергеевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Верхова</surname>
              <given-names>Светлана Сергеевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Verkhova</surname>
              <given-names>S.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>verxova.svetlana@gmail.com</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7953-0586</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Никифоров</surname>
            <given-names>Никита Геннадьевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Никифоров</surname>
              <given-names>Никита Геннадьевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Nikiforov</surname>
              <given-names>N.G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2082-2429</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Журавлев</surname>
            <given-names>Александр Дмитриевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Журавлев</surname>
              <given-names>Александр Дмитриевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zhuravlev</surname>
              <given-names>A.D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0451-2594</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Егоров</surname>
            <given-names>Егор Евгеньевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Егоров</surname>
              <given-names>Егор Евгеньевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Yegorov</surname>
              <given-names>Y.E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5990-4077</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Попов</surname>
            <given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Попов</surname>
              <given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Popov</surname>
              <given-names>M.A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0316-8410</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Чегодаев</surname>
            <given-names>Егор Сергеевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Чегодаев</surname>
              <given-names>Егор Сергеевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Chegodaev</surname>
              <given-names>Y.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7710-2202</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Эрдынеева</surname>
            <given-names>Даяна Батоевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Эрдынеева</surname>
              <given-names>Даяна Батоевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Erdyneeva</surname>
              <given-names>D.B.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2279-0157</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Вишнякова</surname>
            <given-names>Хава Сафиулловна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Вишнякова</surname>
              <given-names>Хава Сафиулловна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Vishnyakova</surname>
              <given-names>K.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3288-6382</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Хованцева</surname>
            <given-names>Ульяна Сергеевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Хованцева</surname>
              <given-names>Ульяна Сергеевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Khovantseva</surname>
              <given-names>U.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2875-6999</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Маркин</surname>
            <given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Маркин</surname>
              <given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Markin</surname>
              <given-names>A.M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6649-7924</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Брешенков</surname>
            <given-names>Денис Геннадьевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Брешенков</surname>
              <given-names>Денис Геннадьевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Breshenkov</surname>
              <given-names>D.G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9459-9282</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Чарчян</surname>
            <given-names>Эдуард Рафаэлович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Чарчян</surname>
              <given-names>Эдуард Рафаэлович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Charchyan</surname>
              <given-names>E.R.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0488-2560</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Орехов</surname>
            <given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Орехов</surname>
              <given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Orekhov</surname>
              <given-names>A.N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6495-1628</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологии; Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского» (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологии; Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского»; ФГБУН Институт молекулярной биологии имени В.А. Энгельгардта РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологии (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff4">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН Институт молекулярной биологии имени В.А. Энгельгардта РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff5">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского (МОНИКИ) (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff6">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского» (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff7">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского»; ФГАОУ ВО Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff8">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского» (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>34</fpage>
      <lpage>47</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-12">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-04-02">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коллектив авторов</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>CC BY-NC 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Введение. Воспаление сосудистой стенки является одним из ключевых механизмов атерогенеза. Сосудистая стенка представлена в основном эндотелиальными, гладкомышечными и соединительнотканными клетками. При атерогенезе активированный эндотелий обеспечивает рекрутирование моноцитов в интиму, где они дифференцируются в макрофаги и пенистые клетки, что поддерживает локальное воспаление и формирование атеросклеротической бляшки. При этом относительный вклад отдельных клеточных типов в формирование воспалительного ответа остается недостаточно изучен. В условиях атерогенеза клетки подвергаются липидной нагрузке, окислительному стрессу и гипоксии, что может сопровождаться повреждением митохондрий. Если поврежденные митохондрии не удаляются своевременно в ходе митофагии, их накопление может поддерживать воспаление. Целью данного исследования было сравнить способность различных клеточных моделей к ответу на стимуляцию липополисахаридом (LPS), а также оценить потенциал прижизненной визуализации митохондрий и лизосом в выбранных моделях, что необходимо для анализа митофагии. Материалы и методы. В рамках исследования использованы CD14+ моноциты человека, моноцитарная линия THP-1, гладкомышечные клетки и фибробласты линии hTERT977. Клетки стимулировали LPS в концентрации 1 мкг/мл в течение 24 часов, после чего оценивали секрецию TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 и CCL2 в супернатанте методом ELISA. Результаты. Наиболее выраженный ответ на LPS был в моноцитах и макрофагах, тогда как гладкомышечные клетки и фибробласты секретировали только IL-6, IL-8, CCL2. Также были получены изображения прижизненно окрашенных митохондрий и лизосом для дальнейшего изучения митофагии в них. При этом обработка форболовым эфиром сопровождалась устойчивым провоспалительным фоном, что усложняло интерпретацию LPS-индуцированного воспаления. Заключение. Показано, что выбранные модели подходят для количественной оценки секреции цитокинов в ответ на стимуляцию LPS, анализа экспрессии генов провоспалительных цитокинов и изучения митофагии с использованием конфокальной микроскопии.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Introduction. Vascular wall inflammation is a key mechanism of atherogenesis. The vascular wall is composed primarily of endothelial, smooth muscle, and connective tissue cells. During atherogenesis, activated endothelium promotes the recruitment of monocytes into the intima, where they differentiate into macrophages and foam cells, thereby sustaining local inflammation and contributing to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. At the same time, the relative contribution of individual cell types to shaping the inflammatory response remains insufficiently studied. Under atherogenic conditions, cells are exposed to lipid load, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, which may be accompanied by mitochondrial damage. If damaged mitochondria are not removed in a timely manner by mitophagy, their accumulation may sustain inflammation. Thus, the study aimed to compare the ability of different cellular models to respond to LPS stimulation and assess the feasibility of live-cell visualization of mitochondria and lysosomes in the selected models, which is necessary for mitophagy analysis.&#13;
Materials and methods. We used human CD14+ monocytes, the monocytic THP-1 cell line, smooth muscle cells, and hTERT 977 fibroblasts. After cell stimulation with LPS at 1 μg/mL for 24 h, we assessed the secretion of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CCL2 in the supernatant with ELISA. Results. The strongest response to LPS was observed in monocytes and macrophages, whereas smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts secreted only IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. We also obtained images of live-cell–stained mitochondria and lysosomes for subsequent studies of mitophagy. For THP-1, we additionally tested PMA that increased cell attachment and spreading for confocal imaging. However, treatment with the phorbol ester was associated with a persistent pro-inflammatory background, which complicated the interpretation of LPS-induced inflammation. &#13;
Conclusion. The selected models are suitable for quantitative assessment of LPS response, gene expression analysis, and evaluation of mitophagy using confocal microscopy.&#13;
Keywords: monocytes, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, inflammation</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>моноциты</kwd>
        <kwd>макрофаги</kwd>
        <kwd>гладкомышечные клетки</kwd>
        <kwd>фибробласты</kwd>
        <kwd>воспаление</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>monocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>macrophages</kwd>
        <kwd>smooth muscle cells</kwd>
        <kwd>fibroblasts</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 22-15-00273-П).</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 22-15-00273-П.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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